Attack on Fort Sumter Began the Civil War in 1861

The shelling of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 marked the beginning of the American Civil War. With the booming of cannons over the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina, the secession crisis gripping the country escalated into a shooting war. The attack on the fort was the culmination of a simmering conflict in which a small garrison of Union troops in South Carolina found themselves isolated when the state seceded from the Union. The action at Fort Sumter lasted less than two days and had no great tactical significance. And casualties were minor. But the symbolism was enormous on both sides. Once Fort Sumter was fired upon there was no turning back. The North and the South were at war. The Crisis Began With Lincolns Election in 1860 Following the election of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party, in 1860, the state of South Carolina announced its intention to secede from the Union in December 1860. Declaring itself independent of the United States, the state government demanded that federal troops leave. Anticipating trouble, the administration of the outgoing president, James Buchanan, had ordered a reliable U.S. Army officer, Major Robert Anderson, to Charleston in late November 1860 to command the small outpost of federal troops guarding the harbor. Major Anderson realized that his small garrison at Fort Moultrie was in danger as it could easily be overrun by infantry. On the night of December 26, 1860, Anderson surprised even members of his own staff by ordering a move to a fort situated on an island in Charleston Harbor, Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter had been built after the War of 1812 to protect the city of Charleston from foreign invasion, and it was designed to repel a naval attack, not a bombardment from the city itself. But Major Anderson felt it was the safest place in which to place his command, which numbered less than 150 men. The secessionist government of South Carolina was outraged by Andersons move to Fort Sumter and demanded that he vacate the fort. Demands that all federal troops leave South Carolina intensified. It was obvious that Major Anderson and his men couldnt hold out for long at Fort Sumter, so the Buchanan administration sent a merchant ship to Charleston to bring provisions to the fort. The ship, Star of the West, was fired on by secessionist shore batteries on January 9, 1861, and was unable to reach the fort. The Crisis at Fort Sumter Intensified While Major Anderson and his men were isolated at Fort Sumter, often cut off from any communication with their own government in Washington, DC, events were escalating elsewhere. Abraham Lincoln traveled from Illinois to Washington for his inauguration. It is believed that a plot to assassinate him on the way was foiled. Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, and was soon made aware of the seriousness of the crisis at Fort Sumter. Told that the fort would run out of provisions, Lincoln ordered ships of the U.S. Navy to sail to Charleston and supply the fort. The newly formed Confederate government kept up demands that Major Anderson surrender the fort and leave Charleston with his men. Anderson refused, and at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate cannon positioned at various points on the mainland began shelling Fort Sumter. The Battle of Fort Sumter The shelling by Confederates from several positions surrounding Fort Sumter went unanswered until after daylight, when Union gunners began returning fire. Both sides exchanged cannon fire throughout the day of April 12, 1861. By nightfall, the pace of the cannons had slowed, and a heavy rain pelted the harbor. When morning dawned clear the cannons roared again, and fires began to break out at Fort Sumter. With the fort in ruins, and with supplies running out, Major Anderson was forced to surrender. Under the surrender terms, the federal troops at Fort Sumter would essentially pack up and sail to a northern port. On the afternoon of April 13, Major Anderson ordered a white flag to be raised over Fort Sumter. The attack on Fort Sumter had produced no combat casualties, though two federal troops died during a freak accident at a ceremony after the surrender when a cannon misfired. The federal troops were able to board one of the U.S. Navy ships which had been sent to bring supplies to the fort, and they sailed to New York City. Upon arrival in New York, Major Anderson learned that he was considered a national hero for having defended the fort and the national flag at Fort Sumter. Impact of the Attack on Fort Sumter The citizens of the North were outraged by the attack on Fort Sumter. And Major Anderson, with the flag that had flown over the fort, appeared at a massive rally in New York Citys Union Square on April 20, 1861. The New York Times estimated the crowd at more than 100,000 people. Major Anderson also toured the northern states, recruiting troops. In the South, feelings also ran high. The men who fired the cannons at Fort Sumter were considered heroes, and the newly formed Confederate government was emboldened to form an army and plan for war. While the action at Fort Sumter had not amounted to much militarily, the symbolism of it was enormous, and intense feelings over what had happened propelled the nation into a conflict that would not end for four long and bloody years.

vanity of human wishes Essay - 1714 Words

The Vanity of Human Wishes: The Vanity of Human Wishes The Vanity of Human Wishes  ©2008 eNotes.com, Inc. or its Licensors. Please see copyright information at the end of this document. The Poem Samuel Johnson’s The Vanity of Human Wishes imitates, as its subtitle states, Juvenal’s tenth satire. The 368 lines of iambic pentameter in rhymed couplets do not claim to provide an exact translation but rather to apply the poem to eighteenth century England. While Johnson therefore feels free to modernize the allusions, he follows his model closely. The poem opens with the proposition that people ask for the wrong things and points out the folly of the first common request, riches. An interlude follows during which the poet invokes†¦show more content†¦This avian imagery is more explicit earlier in the poem when he describes â€Å"Rebellion’s vengeful talons [that seize] on Laud† (line 168). Johnson constructs his argument through synecdoche, offering a few examples to stand for the infinite number of wishes one might make. So, too, the few people cited suggest the many others the reader can imagine. Preferring the general to the specific, Johnson finds synecdoche a convenient device for description. He does not paint a beautiful face but offers â€Å"rosy lips and radiant eyes† (line 323). The gifts of nature are suggested by â€Å"The fruits autumnal, and the vernal flower† (line 262). Personification abounds from the first line, in which Observation surveys humankind, to the last: â€Å"Wisdom calms the mind/ And makes the happiness she does not find† (lines 367-368). Hope, fear, desire, and hate spread their snares. Preferment has a gate, History speaks, â€Å"Pride and Prudence take her [Virtue’s] seat in vain† (line 336). Like synecdoche, this device keeps the poem at the level of general truth that the author seeks. As he would write a decade later in The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759), â€Å"The business of the poet†¦is to examine, not the individual but the species; to remark general properties and large appearances.† Much of the poem’s power derives from the strong verbs thatShow MoreRelatedSamuel Johnsons Escape Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Johnson wrote a poem of praise or to express emotion he would still convey his message beyond reality. He would emphasize an event so immensely that it w ould seem unrealistic. If being real, or reality, is something sensable, then The Vanity of Human Wishes is the poem in which Johnson best display’s these tools of writing for the purpose of escape. 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Alliteration and Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Free Essays

Note on poetic meter: Gawain is typical of Middle English alliterative poems in that it is written in alliterative long lines, following the basic metrical principles of Old English verse. Each long line consists of two half-lines, each half with two stressed syllables and a varying number of unstressed syllables. Most importantly, the two half lines are connected by alliteration ? that is, repetition of the same consonant sound on at least two, often three, of the stressed syllables. We will write a custom essay sample on Alliteration and Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, the poem begins: â€Å"Sithen the sege and the assaut was sesed at Troye† (line 1), with the â€Å"s† sound recurring five times within the single long line. The long lines do not rhyme with each other. However, they are organized in stanzas of fifteen to twenty-five lines, and each stanza concludes with a construction known as a â€Å"bob and wheel. † This term refers to a group of five short lines, which do rhyme, to the pattern of ababa. If you are not reading Gawain in the original Middle English, the poetic structure may not be maintained in the translation. Some modern English translations keep the rhyme and meter strictly; others are only prose translations. SYMMETRY Sir Gawain and the Green Knight has a symmetrical structure. Everywhere in the poem is balance, contrast and antithesis. The poet highlights number symbolism to add symmetry and meaning to the poem. For example, three kisses are exchanged between Gawain and Bertilak’s wife; Gawain is tempted by her on three separate days; Bertilak goes hunting three times, and the Green Knight swings at Gawain three times with his axe. The number two also appears repeatedly, as in the two beheading scenes, two confession scenes, and two castles. [55] The five points of the pentangle, the poet adds, represent Gawain’s virtues, for he is â€Å"faithful five ways and five times each†. [56] The poet goes on to list the ways in which Gawain is virtuous: all five of his senses are without fault; his five fingers never fail him, and he always remembers the five wounds of Christ, as well as the five joys of the Virgin Mary. The fifth five is Gawain himself, who embodies the five moral virtues of the code of chivalry: â€Å"friendship, generosity, chastity, ourtesy, and piety†. [57] All of these virtues reside, as the poet says, in the â€Å"Endless Knot† of the pentangle, which forever interlinks and is never broken. This intimate relationship between symbol and faith allows for rigorous allegorical interpretation, especially in the physical role that the shield plays in Gawain’s quest. [ 59] Thus, the poet makes Gawain the epitome of perfection in knighthood through number symbolism. The number five is also found in the structure of the poem itself. Sir Gawain is 101 stanzas long, traditionally organised into four ‘Fitts’ of 21, 24, 34, and 22 stanzas. These divisions, however, have since been disputed; scholars have begun to believe that they are the work of the copyist and not of the poet. The original manuscript features a series of capital letters added after the fact by another scribe, and some scholars argue that these additions were an attempt to restore the original divisions. These letters divide the manuscript into nine parts. The first and last parts are 22 stanzas long. The second and second-to-last parts are only one stanza long, and the middle five parts are eleven stanzas long. The number eleven is associated with transgression in other medieval literature (being one more than ten, a number associated with the Ten Commandments). Thus, this set of five elevens (55 stanzas) creates the perfect mix of transgression and incorruption, suggesting that Gawain is faultless in his faults. The format of â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† works on the principles of repetition and multiplication. Think about the number of departures for adventure, the almost eerie property of â€Å"threes,† the characters who play multiple roles, the five points of the pentangle and so on. How to cite Alliteration and Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Papers

Organizational Development Process of Leading Organizational

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Development for Process of Leading Organizational. Answer: Problems within the individuals, team and NCLS: The organization NCLS does not have a proper infrastructure for conducting group meetings (Anderson, 2015). There are a number of volunteers and students but the number of computers and printers is limited. Julie, the full time employee of the organization indeed had some drawbacks. Negligence in her part was noticed, as she did not receive the urgent call rather sorted the phone message which was a day old. There was no maintenance in the organization. Julie was not cool-headed and was quickly frustrated by the queries of the staff member, which showed her impatient nature. It was her duty to look into the funds for the organization yet she failed to provide proper statistics to Dylan Foundation when the staffs were already working great. Julie liked to keep the things on hold, which is reflected from the case that Jean brings to her notice. The training that was provided to the staff member was not productive as the staff members still failed to understand several matters (Austin, 2012). The organization hired law students from all specialization, which some students did not like. Different Ethical Issues to address by NCLS: The organization Northern County Legal Service (NCLS) they have arranged a meeting with the clients in a small waiting room where the AC was not working which they should have ensured prior to the meeting as it was a hot summer day. There was no provision of fan as well. The clients with prior appointment and with no appointment were made to sit together and the management was treating the appointment fixed clients first rather than those who have come early. This led to growing frustration among the clients who were waiting since the morning. This was unethical on the part NCLS and this needs to be addressed by handling the appointment fixed client and clients with no appointment separately. The running away of Christina from the small meeting room to see her parking meter without answering the clients was indecency on her part. She should have addressed the queries of the client. Possible solution to resolve the issues Though there is a financial shortages faced by the organization, Julie needs to see that the infrastructure of the organization is proper maintained on a monthly basis. The allocated funds should be used for setting up of more number of computers for the students (Leonard, 2013). Since Julie is the headed, the organization so there should not be negligence on her part. The queries of the staffs need to be resolved quickly without showing any form of frustration. She did not do the official work of maintaining statistics, which created the shortage of funds. This needs to be resolved. Julie did not take the urgent matters quite seriously and rather postponed it to a latter point of time. This type of nature should be eliminated as this might have a serious consequence. Selection of the candidate for the training must be done based on the specialization subject i.e. housing law. The training must be made more interesting with practical applications so that law students are willing to work (Shani, Pasmore, Woodman, 2012). References: Anderson, D. (2015).Organization Development: The Process Of Leading Organizational Change. London: Sage Publication. Austin, D. (2012).Human services management. New York: Columbia University Press. Leonard, H. (2013).The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change and organizational development. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell. Shani, A., Pasmore, W., Woodman, R. (2012).Research in organizational change and development. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald.